11月20日，我國正式發(fā)布《全球數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)合作倡議》。
伴隨數(shù)字技術(shù)滲透到人類生產(chǎn)生活的方方面面，全球數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展，數(shù)字社會(huì)逐步成為人們分享文明進(jìn)步的新空間。數(shù)據(jù)作為數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)的關(guān)鍵要素，在創(chuàng)新發(fā)展和公共治理中正在發(fā)揮越來越重要的作用。數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)對(duì)于各國電子商務(wù)、數(shù)字貿(mào)易乃至經(jīng)濟(jì)科技文化等諸多方面至關(guān)重要，不僅可以有效降低貿(mào)易成本，提高企業(yè)開展國際貿(mào)易的能力，還有助于促進(jìn)貿(mào)易便利化，加快產(chǎn)業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型，彌合數(shù)字鴻溝，實(shí)現(xiàn)以數(shù)據(jù)流動(dòng)為牽引的新型全球化。目前，國際社會(huì)正在積極探索形成全球數(shù)字領(lǐng)域規(guī)則和秩序，聯(lián)合國制定發(fā)布《全球數(shù)字契約》、世貿(mào)組織電子商務(wù)談判以及《全面與進(jìn)步跨太平洋伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)定》（CPTPP）、《數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)定》（DEPA）等多雙邊實(shí)踐正在開展，這些均體現(xiàn)了推動(dòng)全球數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)合作、促進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)已經(jīng)成為各國或地區(qū)共同的意愿和選擇。
我們注意到，在推動(dòng)全球數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)實(shí)踐的同時(shí)，各國普遍關(guān)注國家安全、公共利益、個(gè)人隱私以及知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。我們認(rèn)為，國際社會(huì)應(yīng)在充分尊重各國、各地區(qū)因具體國情、社情而采取的不同政策法規(guī)和實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ)上，認(rèn)真聽取各方數(shù)據(jù)安全與發(fā)展的利益訴求，通過協(xié)商的方式推動(dòng)國家間、地區(qū)間數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)規(guī)則形成共識(shí)。
我們呼吁各國秉持開放、包容、安全、合作、非歧視的原則，平衡數(shù)字技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、數(shù)字社會(huì)進(jìn)步與保護(hù)國家安全、公共利益、個(gè)人隱私和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的關(guān)系，在推動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)的同時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)各國合法政策目標(biāo)。我們期待政府、國際組織、企業(yè)、民間機(jī)構(gòu)等各主體堅(jiān)守共商共建共享理念，發(fā)揮各自作用，推動(dòng)全球數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)合作，攜手構(gòu)建高效便利安全的數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)機(jī)制，打造共贏的數(shù)據(jù)領(lǐng)域國際合作格局，推動(dòng)數(shù)字紅利惠及各國人民。
為此，我們倡議各國政府：
——鼓勵(lì)因正常商業(yè)和社會(huì)活動(dòng)需要而通過電子方式跨境傳輸數(shù)據(jù)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)全球電子商務(wù)和數(shù)字貿(mào)易為各國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和可持續(xù)增長提供新的動(dòng)力。
——尊重不同國家、不同地區(qū)之間數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)相關(guān)制度的差異性。支持不涉及國家安全、公共利益和個(gè)人隱私的數(shù)據(jù)自由流動(dòng)。允許為實(shí)現(xiàn)合法公共政策目標(biāo)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)進(jìn)行監(jiān)管，前提是相關(guān)監(jiān)管措施不構(gòu)成任意或不合理的歧視或?qū)Q(mào)易構(gòu)成變相限制，不超出實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)所要求的限度。
——尊重各國依法對(duì)涉及國家安全、公共利益的非個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)采取必要的安全保護(hù)措施，保障相關(guān)非個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)跨境安全有序流動(dòng)。
——尊重各國為保護(hù)個(gè)人隱私等個(gè)人信息權(quán)益采取的措施，鼓勵(lì)各國在保護(hù)個(gè)人信息的前提下為個(gè)人信息跨境傳輸提供便利途徑，建立健全個(gè)人信息保護(hù)法律和監(jiān)管框架，鼓勵(lì)就此交流最佳實(shí)踐和良好經(jīng)驗(yàn)，提升個(gè)人信息保護(hù)機(jī)制、規(guī)則之間的兼容性，推動(dòng)相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、技術(shù)法規(guī)及合格評(píng)定程序的互認(rèn)。鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)獲得個(gè)人信息保護(hù)認(rèn)證，以表明其符合個(gè)人信息保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，保障個(gè)人信息跨境安全有序流動(dòng)。
——鼓勵(lì)探索建立數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)管理負(fù)面清單，促進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)跨境高效便利安全流動(dòng)。
——合力構(gòu)建開放、包容、安全、合作、非歧視的數(shù)據(jù)流通使用環(huán)境，共同維護(hù)公平公正的市場秩序，促進(jìn)數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)范健康發(fā)展。
——提高各類數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)管理措施的透明度、可預(yù)見性和非歧視性，以及政策框架的互操作性。
——積極開展數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)領(lǐng)域的國際合作。支持發(fā)展中國家和最不發(fā)達(dá)國家有效參與和利用數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)以促進(jìn)數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，鼓勵(lì)發(fā)達(dá)國家向發(fā)展中國家，特別是最不發(fā)達(dá)國家提供能力建設(shè)和技術(shù)援助，彌合數(shù)字鴻溝，實(shí)現(xiàn)公平和可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
——鼓勵(lì)利用數(shù)字技術(shù)促進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)創(chuàng)新應(yīng)用，提高保障數(shù)據(jù)跨境高效便利安全流動(dòng)的技術(shù)能力，推動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)相關(guān)的技術(shù)與安全保障能力評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的國際互認(rèn)，做好知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)工作。
——反對(duì)將數(shù)據(jù)問題泛安全化，反對(duì)在缺乏事實(shí)證據(jù)的情況下針對(duì)特定國家、特定企業(yè)差別化制定數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)限制性政策，實(shí)施歧視性的限制、禁止或者其他類似措施。
——禁止通過在數(shù)字產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)中設(shè)置后門、利用數(shù)字技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施中的漏洞等手段非法獲取數(shù)據(jù)，共同打擊數(shù)據(jù)領(lǐng)域跨境違法犯罪活動(dòng)，共同保障各國公民和企業(yè)的合法權(quán)益。
我們愿意在以上倡議基礎(chǔ)上與各方開展和深化數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)領(lǐng)域的交流合作，我們呼吁各國、各地區(qū)通過雙多邊或地區(qū)協(xié)議、安排等形式呼應(yīng)、確認(rèn)上述倡議。歡迎國際組織、企業(yè)、民間機(jī)構(gòu)等各主體支持本倡議。
Global Cross-border Data Flow Cooperation Initiative
As digital technologies increasingly permeate every aspect of daily life and production, the global digital economy has experienced rapid development, with digital societies emerging as new spaces for sharing the progress of human civilization. As an essential element in the digital economy, data is playing an increasingly important role in innovative development and public governance. Cross-border data flows are vital to e-commerce, digital trade, and various aspects of global economic, technological and cultural activities. It can reduce trade cost, enhance companies' capacity to engage in international trade, facilitate trade processes, accelerate industrial digitalization, bridge the digital divide, and foster a new type of globalization driven by data flows. Currently, the international community is actively exploring and establishing global rules and order in the digital sphere. Bilateral and multilateral efforts such as the Global Digital Compact by the United Nations, negotiations on e-commerce at the World Trade Organization, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, and the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement exemplify the shared willingness of and choices made by countries and regions worldwide to promote cooperation on cross-border data flows.
We noticed that, while promoting global cross-border data flows, countries are primarily concerned with risks related to national security, public interests, personal privacy, and intellectual property. We believe that the international community should fully respect the different policies and practices adopted by various countries and regions based on their specific conditions. It is crucial to pay heed to each party's concerns regarding data security and development and to work toward building consensus on cross-border data flow rules through consultation among countries and regions.
We call on all countries to uphold principles of openness, inclusiveness, security, cooperation, and non-discrimination, balance the promotion of digital technology innovation, the development of the digital economy, and the advancement of digital society with the protection of national security, public interests, personal privacy, and intellectual property, and foster cross-border data flows while ensuring that each country's legitimate policy goals are met. We hope that governments, international organizations, businesses, and civil society will adhere to the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits. By playing their respective roles, they can promote global cooperation on cross-border data flow, jointly build a mechanism to ensure efficient, convenient and safe cross-border data flow and an open and mutually beneficial landscape for international cooperation in the data sphere, and ensure that the benefits of digital advancements are shared by people worldwide.
To make this happen, we suggest the following:
——Governments should encourage electronic cross-border data transmission to meet the needs of business and social activities. This will help global e-commerce and digital trade serve as new drivers for economic growth and sustainable development.
——Governments should respect the regulatory differences of various countries and regions in cross-border data flows. They should support free data flows that do not violate national security, public interests, and personal privacy. Regulations on cross-border data flows should be permitted when they aim to achieve legitimate public policy objectives on the premise that such regulatory measures do not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade, and do not cross the limits of the goals they seek to achieve.
——Governments should respect security measures taken by all countries in accordance with their laws to protect non-personal data related to national security and public interests, and ensure the secure and orderly cross-border flows of relevant non-personal data.
——Governments should respect measures taken by all countries to protect personal information rights and interests including individual privacy. Countries should be encouraged to provide convenient channels for cross-border transmission of personal information on the condition that such information is well protected. Countries should be encouraged to establish and improve legal and supervision frameworks on personal information protection, conduct exchanges on best practices and experiences, improve the compatibility of personal information protection mechanisms and rules, and foster mutual recognition of relevant standards, technology regulations and conformity assessment procedures. Enterprises should be encouraged to obtain personal information protection certifications to demonstrate their compliance with personal information protection standards and ensure the secure and orderly cross-border flows of personal information.
——Governments should support exploring the establishment of negative lists for managing cross-border data flow to promote efficient, convenient and safe cross-border data flow.
——Governments should work together to create a data flow and usage environment that is open, inclusive, secure, and non-discriminatory, jointly uphold a fair and just market order, and promote the orderly and healthy development of the digital economy.
——Governments should enhance the transparency, predictability, and non-discriminatory nature of measures managing the cross-border flows of various types of data, as well as the interoperability of policy frameworks.
——Governments should actively conduct international cooperation in the field of cross-border data flows. Support should be given to developing countries and the least developed countries to enable them to effectively participate in and utilize cross-border data flows so as to promote their digital economic growth. Developed countries should be encouraged to provide capacity building and technical assistance to developing countries, especially the least developed ones, in order to bridge the digital divide and achieve fair and sustainable development.
——Governments should encourage the use of digital technologies to promote innovative applications in cross-border data flows. They should improve technological capabilities to ensure efficient, convenient and safe cross-border data flows. They should advance international mutual recognition of evaluation standards for technical and security assurance capabilities related to cross-border data flows, and ensure effective intellectual property protection.
——Governments should oppose overstretching the concept of national security on data issues. They should object to making restrictive and differentiated policies on cross-border data flows targeting specific countries and enterprises without factual evidence, or implementing discriminatory restrictions, prohibitions, and other similar measures against specific countries and enterprises.
——Governments should prohibit illicit acquisition of data through methods such as setting up backdoors in digital products and services or exploiting vulnerabilities in digital technology infrastructure. They should collaborate to crack down on cross-border illegal activities in the data field and jointly safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of citizens and enterprises in all countries.
We are ready to carry out and deepen exchanges and cooperation in the field of cross-border data flows with all parties based on the above initiative. We call on all countries and regions to respond to and endorse the above initiative through bilateral, multilateral, or regional agreements and arrangements. We welcome the support of international organizations, businesses, and civil society for this initiative.
